(EDIT: GA beat me to it while I was typing.. Odds are, you're good outside of the issues you already experienced... sigh...)
Hmmm...
Let me start by saying I'm not a pro with outboards.
Quite new actually, and learning as I go.
I too live in an area where I have to winterize, so from day 1 I tried to learn about it.
The following are some thoughts and is most likely not all inclusive.
Simply how I understand things at this time..
I agree with roscoe in that the issue you had last year before you put it away is still there and will need to be dealt with.
No matter what, you'll have to start the season by troubleshooting and diagnosing that issue.
In regards to winterizing or not... It sounds like you're asking how much additional damage can you expect.
Is that right?
With that in mind:
When you put it away, was the engine tilted up (like when on trailer) or was it down as if on a lake?
Putting it down lets any water drain out of power-head through leg to exhaust etc.. . If left tilted up, any water that remained in the engine may have frozen and could have caused an issue.
Did you drain and refill gearcase?
If not, then IF there was any water in the gearcase, it too could have frozen and cracked the lower unit.
Other items would be possible gummed up carbs, but with the issues it already had, you may end up rebuilding them anyway, so maybe not so bad without winterizing..
I've seen some posts from folks who never winterize and don't have issues.
I've seen some that don't winterize and have nothing but issues.
In the end, I think it comes down to the condition the engine was in before winter set in..
Biggest worry I know of currently, is..... Was there any water in the engine or lower unit that could have frozen..
IF so, expect possible issues.
Again, I'm probably not totally correct with this, but in general, this is how I understand what might happen if not winterized.
Hope it helps, even if just a little..