I just had to replace my first impeller that had literally disintegrated, on a Merc 3.3. Have you verified that all paths are clear? I found a lot of tiny pieces in the very bottom of the foot where the water intake holes are. It took a lot of shaking upside down to get all those pieces to fall out through the small pump intake holes – I also used my earmuffs to flush the foot, holding it upside down, to help get those pieces out. Have you blown through the water tube to make sure there is a clear passage from the pump up to the motor and out the discharge tube? I had a small piece clogging the rubber tube - luckily easy to clear.
As far as whether you need a washer or not – I’d recommend trying
http://www.crowleymarine.com/ - It’s a really nice site I found that has complete schematics for motors, including OEM part numbers, and is very easy to order from - each part indicates how long it will take to ship, down to washers and o-rings. Just click on 'parts catalog', then pick your make (pick a different make, then your make, otherwise it won't populate the 'year' pull down list). Once you find your model you can go right to the schematic/order form. It should at least help you figure out if you're missing a part. I ordered from them and they came quick. From what I found in the marine parts types of webs, it’s very good, you can even go in and check the status of your orders, they email when you order & when they ship etc. FYI - If in doubt and it's $1 or $2 - order it anyway. It'll be included in your shipping and may prevent a week or more delay if you have to order something else (I had to) or save you visits to 4 stores on a Saturday night to try to find that $1.25 o-ring you could have ordered with the rest (also happened to me).
I wonder if there's a way you could jury rig a drill to turn the shaft while the foot is in a bucket of water - to let you see if water shoots out the pump or not? May help nail it down to the pump, or a supply tube clog?
Good luck,
Mike