PFDs must be usable, meaning the fabric isn't torn and the flotation foam is in good shape. If you doubt using them for you and your passengers lives, get some new ones. You can get a multi-pack of the orange vest type for very little cash.
If the gauge on the extinguisher is in the green, it's probably OK. I don't remember if they have an expiration date.
Enough rode (rope) for the lake depth and conditions is what you need. 15# anchor is more than adequate. I have a 6 pounder danforth type that works well with a 75' rode and no chain. 6' of chain would make it better.
Boat hook - I waffle on this. My hook is a collapsible paddle with a tee handle that functions as a so-so boat hook.
VHF radio is probably unneeded and not required if you stay on lakes in Florida. If other boaters don't have them, no one will answer.
Flares or visual distress signals are required for coastal boating, not on lakes.
The boating course will answer all of your questions.
Here is the list for the FWC, which is the bare minimum;
- The owner and/or operator of a vessel is responsible to carry, store, maintain and use the safety equipment required by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG).
- All vessels are required to have onboard a wearable USCG-approved personal flotation device (PFD) for each person. The PFDs must be of the appropriate size for the intended wearer, be in serviceable condition, and within easy access. The state of Florida urges all people onboard a boat to wear a life jacket.
- Vessels 16 feet in length or longer must also have at least one USCG-approved throwable Type IV PFD that is immediately available in case of a fall overboard.
- A child under the age of 6 must wear a USCG-approved Type I, II or III personal flotation device while onboard a vessel under 26 feet in length while the vessel is underway. "Underway" is defined as anytime except when the vessel is anchored, moored, made fast to the shore or aground.
- Vessels with built-in fuel tanks or enclosed compartments where gasoline fumes can accumulate are required to carry at least one fire extinguisher (depending upon vessel length) which is approved for marine use.
- All vessels are required to carry an efficient sound-producing device, such as a referee's whistle.
- Vessels less than 16 feet in length are required to carry at least 3 visual distress signals approved for nighttime use when on coastal waters from sunset to sunrise. Vessels 16 feet or longer must carry at least 3 daytime and three nighttime visual distress signals (or 3 combination daytime/nighttime signals) at all times when on coastal waters.
- The use of sirens or flashing, occulting or revolving lights is prohibited except where expressly allowed by law.
- Recreational vessels are required to display navigation lights between sunset and sunrise and during periods of reduced visibility (fog, rain, haze, etc.). The U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Rules specify lighting requirements for every description of watercraft. The information provided in the following link is for vessels less than 65.5 feet/20 meters in length.